Barthes

Barthes describes narrative as a series of codes that are read and interpreted by the audience, these are:

- Action: the audience knows what is happening from previous knowledge, the mise en scene helps to indicate this.

- Enigma: what is happening is hidden from the audience, this creates intrigue.

- Semic: the audience recognises what is happening through connotations.

- Symbolic: this symbolizes more abstract concepts, not unlike metaphors, for example, a plant in a historical place, could represent the deep roots of the area.

- cultural: the audience understands what is happening due to their cultural awareness.